Adherence to the Planetary Health Diet and Its Association with Diet Quality in the Young Adult Population of Türkiye: A Large Cross-Sectional Study.

To advance both human health and environmental sustainability, it's crucial to assess the adaptation to new dietary trends emerging in this field. This study aimed to explore the relationship between diet quality and the principles of planetary health diet in young adults studying at university. This cross-sectional study consisted of 945 young adults with a mean age of 20.1 ± 1.34 y (582 females, 363 males). A questionnaire form containing socio-demographic information (age, gender, education level), anthropometric measurements (body weight and height), and a 24 h dietary record form for three consecutive days was applied. The scores of the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) and the Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020) were calculated according to the dietary records. The mean total scores of the PHDI and HEI-2020 were 59.9 ± 14.16 and 54.2 ± 10.87, respectively. The association between the HEI-2020 score and the PHDI score was significant (p = 0.003). A one-unit increase in the unadjusted HEI-2020 score caused a 0.429 unit decrease in the PHDI score (95% CI: -0.709; -0.149). The findings underscore the imperative for targeted interventions and educational programs to enhance the PHDI and HEI-2020 scores, promoting individual well-being and environmental sustainability in the university.

Rise and shine for eating right: the link between healthy nutrition and chronotype among young adults.

Aim: Many studies have examined the relationship between chronotype and general health. Because healthy eating is the basis of health aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between healthy nutrition attitudes and chronotype in young adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,400 young adults (936 females and 464 males). Chronotype was assessed by the Turkish version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) was applied by face-to-face interview. Furthermore, 24-h dietary recall was collected. The scores of nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were calculated. The anthropometric measurements including body weight and height were taken. Results: The chronotype distribution of participants according to the MEQ score and MAR score were not significantly different between females and males (p > 0.05). The percentage of participants with high healthy eating attitude was lowest in the evening chronotype and highest in the morning chronotype (49.7, 37.7 and 25.4% in morning-, intermediate-, evening-types, respectively; p = 0.000 for all groups according to the reciprocal comparisons). There was a positive correlation of the MEQ scores with the scores of ASHN (r = 0.282, p < 0.01). ASHN score was shown to be a predictor for MEQ score (ß = 0.280, p = 0.000). Moreover, the score of "poor eating habits" was shown to be highest in the evening chronotype and lowest in the morning chronotype (14.9 ± 3.0 and 13.1 ± 3.0, respectively; p < 0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that individuals with the evening chronotype are more deficient in terms of healthy nutrition attitudes. Further studies with larger populations will potentially guide the development of health promotion strategies to prevent and treat chronic diseases based on an individual's chronotype.

Determinants of disordered eating behaviors: Body mass index, emotional eating, dietary restriction, and motives for eating palatable foods / Determinantes de comportamentos alimentares desordenados: índice de massa corporal, alimentação emocional, restrição alimentar e motivos para comer alimentos palatáveis

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationships between body mass index, reasons for consuming palatable foods, emotional eating, cognitive dietary restraint, and disordered eating behaviors in young adults. Methods: This study was conducted with 800 young adults, in Ankara, Türkiye. A questionnaire consisting of questions about socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and instruments including Eating Attitudes Test-26, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire, Palatable Eating Motives Scale, and The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire were applied through face-to-face interviews. Results: According to the Eating Attitudes Test-26, 17.2% of males and 27.7% of females were at risk for disordered eating behaviors (χ2=9.750, p=0.002). The mean scores of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-emotional eating, cognitive restraint subscales, and the positive and negative scores of the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire were higher in males than in females (p<0.05). The mean scores of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale-coping and reward enhancement motives were higher in females, while the mean score for the conformity motives was significantly higher in males. Body mass index, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-cognitive restraint subscale, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire-negative, and PEMS-conformity motives were found for predictors for Eating Attitudes Test-26 (all p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed a high tendency for emotional eating, consumption of palatable foods, and cognitive dietary restraint in young adults, and these factors were considered determinants for eating disorders.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as relações entre o índice de massa corporal, as razões para consumir alimentos palatáveis, o comer emocional, a restrição alimentar cognitiva e os comportamentos de desordem alimentar em jovens adultos. Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado com 800 jovens adultos, em Ancara, na Turquia. Foi aplicado um questionário composto por perguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, estado de saúde e instrumentos, incluindo o Eating Attitudes Test-26, o Emotional Appetite Questionnaire, a Palatable Eating Motives Scale e o The Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire, através de entrevistas presenciais. Resultados: De acordo com o Eating Attitudes Test-26, 17,2% dos homens e 27,7% das mulheres estavam em risco de desenvolver comportamentos alimentares desordenados (χ2=9,750, p=0,002). As pontuações médias do Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire-emotional eating, as subescalas de restrição cognitiva e as pontuações positivas e negativas do Emotional Appetite Questionnaire foram mais elevadas no sexo masculino do que no feminino (p<0,05). As pontuações médias da Palatable Eating Motives Scale - motivos de coping e de aumento da recompensa - foram mais elevadas no sexo feminino, enquanto a pontuação média para os motivos de conformidade foi significativamente mais elevada no sexo masculino. O índice de massa corporal, o Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire-subescala de contenção cognitiva, o Emotional Appetite Questionnaire-negativo e o PEMS-motores de conformidade foram encontrados como preditores do Eating Attitudes Test-26 (todos p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram uma elevada tendência para a alimentação emocional, o consumo de alimentos palatáveis e a restrição alimentar cognitiva em adultos jovens, sendo estes factores considerados determinantes para as perturbações alimentares.

Acrylamide formation in air-fried versus deep and oven-fried potatoes.

Introduction: Present study investigates the effects of different home pre-treatment processes and cooking techniques on the acrylamide content of fried potatoes. Methods: Potato sticks were prepared in two different pre-treatment ways (washing and soaking) and cooked with three other techniques (air frying, deep frying, and oven frying). Acrylamide analyses were performed on cooked potatoes using an LC-MS/MS method. Results: The highest acrylamide content was found in potatoes cooked using the air fryer (12.19 ± 7.03 µg/kg). This was followed by deep frying (8.94 ± 9.21 µg/kg) and oven frying (7.43 ± 3.75 µg/kg). However, the difference between the acrylamide contents of the potatoes according to the cooking methods was not statistically significant. The acrylamide content of the potatoes that were subjected to soaking in all three ways was lower than the potatoes that were not soaked and only washed. In the deep-frying method, it was found statistically significant that the soaked potatoes contained less acrylamide (p = 0.029). Discussion: It is important to highlight the relatively low acrylamide levels found in oven-frying, lower than air frying in both washing and soaking groups in the present study. Although air fryers, which have become widely used as an alternative to deep frying in recent years, provide French fries with less oil, their role in the formation of acrylamide should be further investigated.

Changes in intestinal parameters and their association with dietary patterns in rotational shift workers.

Circadian rhythm disturbances induced by rotating shift work contribute to development of metabolic disorders. However, their effects on intestinal parameters such as epithelial permeability and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels have not been established yet. This study was planned to investigate the changes in intestinal integrity, fecal SCFA levels, gut microbiota and nutritional intake of rotational shift workers. The study was conducted on ten male rotational shift workers, 25-40 years old. Circadian rhythm disruption was assumed to have occurred after 14 days in the night shift. Dietary data which was obtained by using 24 h record for 7 days, physical activity data, anthropometric measurements, fecal and blood samples were collected during day and night shift. Changes in dietary consumption, anthropometric measurements, blood chemistry and intestinal epithelial permeability indicator according to day and night shifts were not significant (p > .05). Additionally, acetic, propionic and total SCFA were associated with the intestinal permeability biomarker in night shift, but not in day shift (p < .05). Consumption of dark green vegetables and beans and peas was positively associated with fecal isobutyric acid and fecal total SCFA concentration (r = 0.685, p = .029; r = 0.695, p = .026, respectively). The proportions of the genus including Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Dialister, and Ruminococcus gnavus group increased when individuals shifted to the night shift. Gut microbiota changes responding to circadian rhythm disruption became more prominent when consumed high sugar diet. So, changes have been observed in the gut microbiota of rotational shift workers, especially in individuals with certain dietary pattern. Moreover, in individuals with the circadian rhythm disruption SCFAs levels have been demonstrated to be associated with intestinal barrier integrity. A better understanding of the relation among fecal SCFAs, gut microbiota, intestinal epithelial permeability and circadian rhythm disruption is necessary for the development of new dietary strategies for gut health.

The circadian disruption of night work alters gut microbiota consistent with elevated risk for future metabolic and gastrointestinal pathology.

Day and night cycles are the most important cue for the central clock of human beings, and they are also important for the gut clock. The aim of the study is to determine the differences in the gut microbiota of rotational shift workers when working the day versus night shift. Fecal samples and other data were collected from 10 volunteer male security officers after 4 weeks of day shift work (07:00-15:00 h) and also after 2 weeks of night shift work (23:00-07:00 h). In total, 20 stool samples were collected for analysis of gut microbiota (10 subjects x 2 work shifts) and stored at -80°C until analysis by 16 S rRNA sequencing. The relative abundances of Bacteroidetes were reduced and those of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes increased when working the night compared to day shift. Faecalibacterium abundance was found to be a biomarker of the day shift work. Dorea longicatena and Dorea formicigenerans were significantly more abundant in individuals when working the night shift. Rotational day and night shift work causes circadian rhythm disturbance with an associated alteration in the abundances of gut microbiota, leading to the concern that such induced alteration of gut microbiota may at least partially contribute to an increased risk of future metabolic syndrome and gastrointestinal pathology.

Intuitive eating in youth: Its relationship with nutritional status / Alimentação intuitiva na juventude: sua relação com o estado nutricional

ABSTRACT Objective To determine intuitive eating in young adults and the effects of factors such as gender, Body Mass Index and dietary intake, and dietary adequacy on intuitive eating. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with students at Gazi University in Ankara (N=665; 17.6% men; 82.4% women). The questionnaire, including the general characteristics, anthropometric measurements, Intuitive Eating Scale-2, and 24-H Dietary Recall sections, were applied to all participants. For the evaluation of the diet, Nutrient Adequacy Ratio and Mean Adequacy Ratio were used. Results The mean Intuitive Eating Scale-2 score was 3.2±0.33; men's and women's scores were 3.3±0.37 and 3.2±0.32, respectively (p<0.05). According to linear regression analysis, gender, age and mean adequacy ratio had an effect on the model for the score (p<0.05). In addition, there was a negative correlation between Intuitive Eating Scale-2 scores and Body Mass Index values in women (rp=-0.095, p=0.026). Conclusion The intuitive eating scores varied according to gender, dietary adequacy and age. Intuitive eating may be effective in the formation of long-term behavioral changes, which is beneficial for the treatment of obesity. The result of this study may encourage the development of this behavior in groups (may vary according to gender), that is thought to be effective by considering the changes of intuitive eating behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a alimentação intuitiva em adultos jovens e os efeitos de fatores como sexo, índice de massa corporal, ingestão alimentar e adequação da dieta na alimentação intuitiva. Métodos Este estudo transversal foi realizado em estudantes da Universidade de Gazi, em Ancara (N=665; 17,6% homens; 82,4% mulheres). O questionário, incluindo as características gerais, medidas antropométricas, Escala de Alimentação Intuitiva 2 e recordatório alimentar de 24 horas foi aplicado aos participantes. Para a avaliação da dieta, foram utilizados o Índice de Adequação de Nutrientes e a Razão de Adequação Média. Resultados A Escala Média de Escala de Comportamento Intuitivo-2 foi de 3,2±0,33, dos homens e das mulheres, foi de 3,3±0,37 e 3,2±0,32, respectivamente (p<0,05). De acordo com a análise de regressão linear, sexo, idade a Razão de Adequação Média tiveram efeito no modelo formado pelo escore (p<0,05). Além disso, houve uma correlação negativa entre os escores da Escala de Alimentação Intuitiva-2 e os valores do índice de massa corporal nas mulheres (rp=-0,095, p=0,026). Conclusão Os escores alimentares intuitivos variaram de acordo com o gênero, com adequação da dieta e com a idade. A alimentação intuitiva pode ser eficaz na formação de mudanças a longo prazo no comportamento, o que é benéfico para o tratamento da obesidade. O resultado deste estudo pode encorajar o desenvolvimento deste comportamento em grupos (talvez variar de acordo com o gênero) que é considerado efetivo considerando-se as mudanças do comportamento alimentar intuitivo.

Assessment of the Contribution of Dietary and Beverage Intake Quality to Obesity Development.

OBJECTIVE: Low dietary quality is an important indicator of unhealthy eating patterns that can lead to some consequences such as obesity, so policy is a very powerful tool that can affect the consumption of both healthy and unhealthy foods. Indices that assess whether nutritional policies are applied contribute to the assessment of the quality of the population's diet. This study was conducted to investigate the quality of diets and beverages consumed by Turkish adults, and the factors affecting them. METHOD: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 352 adults aged between 18 and 58 years. The quality of diet and beverage was measured through the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI) and Healthy Beverage Index (HBI), respectively, using 2-day (weekday and weekend) dietary recall data. RESULTS: The total HBI scores were 79.1 ± 11.8 and 81.0 ± 11.6; total HEI-2010 scores were 45.9 ± 12.3 and 52.3 ± 11.0, of men and women, respectively (p < 0.05). The women had significantly higher scores than that of the men in the HEI-2010 subcomponent of empty calories (p > 0.05). Sugar-sweetened beverage (HBI subcomponent) was significantly correlated with the scores of HEI-2010 and empty calorie (HEI-2010 subcomponent), as expected (p < 0.01). The caloric beverages contributed ∼133.6 kcal/d to the total caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS: The mean contribution of beverages to total daily energy intake of participants was found to be at the suggestion level. This result is rewarding when the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverages scores with the scores of HEI and empty calories is considered.

Description of the healthy eating indices-based diet quality in Turkish adults: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to describe the dietary status of Turkish adults using two different versions of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). METHODS: In this cross sectional study, 494 healthy participants (311 females) with randomly selected and living in Ankara were included between September 2013 and March 2014. A questionnaire was completed and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were performed. The 24-h dietary recall of individuals was collected. Diet quality was measured through HEI-2005 and HEI-2010 scores. RESULTS: The mean age, body mass index (BMI), HEI-2005 and HEI-2010 scores of individuals were 32.9 ± 10.8 years; 25.0 ± 4.8 kg/m2; 56.1 ± 13.9 and 41.5 ± 13.7 points, respectively. Significant differences were found between mean HEI-2005 and HEI-2010 scores (p < 0.05). The individual's whose diet quality needs to be improved according to mean HEI-2005 score, had poorer diet based on mean HEI-2010 scores. The highest mean HEI-2005 and HEI-2010 scores were stated in female, in subjects had low education levels, aged 51 years or older and in overweight groups (p <0.05). Both versions of healthy eating indices were correlated positively with BMI and age CONCLUSION: Diet qualities of the individuals are associated with age, gender, education and BMI. Although the components and scores in HEI-2010 version were changed from the version of HEI-2005, the changes may encourage healthy choices of some food group. HEI-2010 gives more attention to food quality than HEI-2005. Thus, in the present study it was concluded that HEI-2010 provided more precise results about diet quality.

Structural Modeling the Relationship of Food Addiction and Eating Attitudes of Young Adults with Emotional Appetite and Self-Esteem.

The aim of the study was to examine the relationships among food addiction, eating attitudes, emotional appetite, and self-esteem of young adults aged 18-30 years by using a structural model. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,058 volunteers (male = 307, female = 751). The hypothesis that self-esteem of young adults influences their eating attitudes was supported in the study (ß = -0.081, p < .05). Another hypothesis was also supported, so self-esteem had a positive effect on food addiction (ß = 0.280, p < .05). Furthermore, eating attitude has mediating effects on the relationships between self-esteem and food addiction and between emotional appetite and food addiction. Individuals' eating attitude, food addiction, emotional appetite, and self-esteem scores were found to be related to each other. This article provides valuable data for studies of disordered eating attitudes, emotional state, and food addiction that are thought to be important for young adults in the future.

Evaluation of disordered eating tendencies in young adults.

PURPOSE: It was aimed to determine the prevalence of high disordered eating tendencies and its relationship with food addiction, emotional eating and self esteem in participants at 18 and 33 years age group. METHODS: This study was planned as a cross-sectional study and conducted with 1359 young adult volunteers (M = 386, F = 973) with an average age of 22.4 ± 2.84 years. Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used. EAT-26 score above 20 was considered as eating disorders risk cutoff. RESULTS: Participants with disordered eating tendencies have higher rates (22.4%) of food addiction compared to participants without high disordered eating tendencies (7.2%). There is no difference for EMAQ and YFAS scores; however, there is a significant difference for RSES and EAT-26 scores according to gender. A positive association of EAT-26 with YFAS and EMAQ-negative scores and a negative association of EAT-26 with RSES and EMAQ-positive were found. DISCUSSION: There is association among EAT-26, YFAS, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Emotional Appetite Questionnaire scores. This study provides information for future studies about high disordered eating tendencies, food addiction and mood that are thought to be important in young adults. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V (cross-sectional descriptive study).